Disbelieves of Evolution fail to understand that evolution is not a change that takes place in the body of a single life form. Instead, it is a long-term result of micro-changes that happen between parents and offspring. Healthy children are just like their parents in physical traits.

Every life form has an average life span, flies and mosquitos live for a few weeks, mice and squirrels for a few decades, horses and cows live for a few decades, humans, chimpanzees and elephants live for several decades. Living organisms reach sexual maturity after a specific time, and this time is directly proportional to the time required for evolutionary changes to occur in them. Human beings who reach sexual maturity can biologically procreate between the ages of 14 to 18 years. So, two consecutive human generations were separated by a minimum of 20 years.

Interspecies evolution depends upon changes in the environment and takes a hundred thousand generations to be visible. Human evolution took at least 1.5 million years because human beings have a very long sexual maturity age as compared to other animals. According to fossil records, hominid species originated between 2.5 to 1 million years ago.

According to evolution, a child cannot be completely different from its parents, and humans cannot be born from an ape-like creature. If we consider the time from the origin of life to present, we will not find a speciation event between a child and parents. Instead, small evolutionary changes are only observable in a period of thousands and tens of thousands of generations. Great-great grandparents from countless generations ago would be significantly different from their progeny in the far future. Immediate parents are always similar to their children.

If someone says that human beings have stayed the same during the last 10000 or 2000 years, they should know that in the previous 10000 years, approximately 625 human generations have passed. Similarly, during the last 2000 years, around 125 human generations have passed. This time is insignificant as compared to the time required to observe any significant evolution. We need five to tens of thousands of human generations to observe even a minor speciation event.

Many organisms reach sexual maturity in a few days. We can say much less time is required to observe evolutionary changes in organisms. But remember evolution is not solely dependent on fast procreation; changes in the environment are the major driving factor in evolution. Organisms today are perfectly adapted to their environment. And any significant change will not occur if the environment does not change. Drastic changes in the environment can increase selection pressures and lead to a speciation event. Still that will take thousands of generations if the said species does not become extinct.

Sexual maturity, procreation, and time create change in organisms. All these factors result in the diversification of a single species into closely related subspecies or genetic cousins. The animals with longer lifespan and sexual maturity have fewer subspecies as compared to the ones with shorter lifespans and sexual maturity. Human beings have no surviving genetic cousins, and our last surviving evolutionary cousin went extinct about fifteen to twenty thousand years ago. Elephant’s evolutionary cousin Mammoth went extinct at the same time. Insects have short life spans and sexual maturity ages. Because of this, every insect species has thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of subspecies.

Critics of evolution usually exploit ignorance. They ignore fossil record, DNA evidence, similarities between organisms, and demand direct observation of evolution. But logically and scientifically, it is impossible to observe evolution directly in any lifeforms except microorganisms.

Human evolution took a very very long time, and we have barely been able to write for the last 5000 years. We will never be able to find a written or oral record of evolution. But it is present all over the earth, in fossils, between species and written in our genetic code. Evolution is an undeniable fact.

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“There is no restriction in DNA which prohibits Human Evolution”

Evolution is a dangerous concept, and it has played a vital role in opening the human mind to new ideas. Since ancient times rational thinkers have rejected superstitious myths and demanded a logical explanation for what happens in the cosmos. Science did not have a concrete answer for life and its processes. Darwins were collecting fossils for a very long time. Erasmus Darwin had evolutionary views, but Charles Darwin provided evidence and sound scientific reasoning and presented theory of Evolution. Great minds of nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first century have vigorously questioned theory of Evolution. Evolution is the only theory that provides a sound, observable, and testable explanation of life and living organisms.

Creationists base their views on romantic mythology, which says space, time, life, and everything else exists because God wants them to. Believers fail to understand what exists in the cosmos. This thought is the opposite of knowledge and progress. Those who believe in creationism and mythical tales will seldom investigate the physical cause behind the natural phenomenon. For them, everything happens according to God’s will. Contrast between Science and religion confused Charles Darwin even though he was the pioneer of theory of evolution.

There is a never-ending debate between critics and proponents of evolution. Religious thinking is on the backfoot. Last year Pope Francis’s statement about evolution came as a shock. Religious people with scientific knowledge have taken a somewhat different stance; they reject Interspecies or Vertical evolution and accept subspecies evolution or horizontal evolution.

Genetic code in Nuclei of cells changes through evolution. DNA resembles a billion rung long ladder, and nucleotide bases form the rungs of this ladder. Life inscribes its recipe in letters represented by four nucleotide bases. English has 26 alphabets, but genes have only four. The color of an organism’s eyes, its body mass, its anatomy, what and what not can it eat, sexual maturity , everything depends on the genome which is billions of base pairs long. Base pair sequence governs every characteristic. For example, a gene is responsible for eye color in an organism. A Collection of genes makes a chromosome which are present as rounded bunch in nucleus of every life cell

During the past few decades, genetic codes of different organisms have been compared through different techniques. The results are as expected. Genomes of Chimpanzee and Human beings are more than 98% similar. Human DNA has a similarity of 99.7% to the genome of Extinct hominid Neanderthal. Human beings and house cats have a genetic similarity of 90%. Humans have genes similar to every living organism even plants have 43% common genetic information with us.

This similarity is not random, rather living organisms that are anatomically similar to one another are genetically similar. Donkeys and Zebras have a genetic similarity of more than 99 percent, lions and tigers also have a great genetic similarity.

Non-believers of evolution regard genetic similarity between similar organism as horizontal evolution, they say that lion, tiger, and cheetah have evolved from similar ancestors, but human, chimpanzee, bonobo, orangutan, and gorilla have not. Even they accept that gorilla, bonobo, chimpanzee, and orangutan have evolved from a common ancestor but human beings are unique.

Human, chimpanzee and genetic sequences of any other organism never say that they cannot undergo change beyond a horizontal evolution. But genetic sequences in themselves indicate that evolution does not delete genetic sequences or new genetic sequences cannot pop up overnight. 90% of an organism’s genome is useless and performs no function in a lifeforms functionality. The similarity of nonfunctional genes is extraordinary in close evolutionary relatives.

Genetic mutations that happen during procreation render a segment of useless DNA active or inactive thus making it useful or useless. Human beings are no exception to this rule.

Genes never show that there is a restriction on vertical evolution. Secondly, all life forms have similar DNA base. If God created humans separately from the rest of the animal kingdom. We must have a different nucleotide base set. But we have the same base pairs and have 98 percent similarity with great apes. Great apes are the most intelligent species on the face of earth besides human beings. So, it is valid to say that humans and great apes evolved from the same ancestors in ancient past.

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